Impact Of Crime On Jamaicas Economy

Impact Of shame On Jamaicas EconomyAn economic problem that Jamaica faces as a country is offence. Crime whitethorn be defined as an intentional act or omission in violation of criminal law.For umteen decades Jamaica has been plagued with shame and ferocity. This has been a major concern of the nation and the Government since the mid -1970s. In January of 2012, Jamaicas murder rate was over 20% higher than in the afore utter(prenominal) period of 2011. The Government has made numerous attempts to decrease the rate of detestation single if these measures progress to been short term. The Governments ultimate plan was to growth Police mobility and firepower but this has proven futile as Police argon understaffed, corrupt, and ineffective and the monetary value is unsustainable.Jamaicas population is estimated at approximately 2.7 million battalion. The number of murders and other violence ca intentions Jamaica to fox one of the highest crime rate in the world. Police stati stics in Jamaica has shown that since the year 1999 Jamaicas crime rate has steadily risen. In 2005, according to International statistics, Jamaica was the Murder chief city of the World. There has been tremendous increase in the rate of homicides and shootings, illegal drugs, arms and ammunition, rape and carnal abuse which continues to negatively impact the countrys social and economic step-up.Crime can be attributed to several factors namely low-cal family structure, poverty, income inequality, unemployment and neglect of opportunity. correspond to Lewis (2010), Jamaica is experiencing a G-culture challenge which is characterized by a hazardous compounding of guns, gangs, grand bills and girls to which Jamaican men gravitate. Bunting stated, The estimated cost of crime has been 67 to 90 per cent of Jamaicas gross national product over the last 40 days (jamaicaobserver.com, Business Reduced crime leads to better economy, Bunting June 17, 2012).The purpose of this research is to investigate the causes and effects of crime and recommend economic concepts that could be employed to moderate this problem in Jamaica.A Review of LiteratureTypes of CrimeViolent CrimeViolent crimes may be defined as offenses that involve the use of force or injury to the body of other person. The distressfulness of a violent crime is usually determined by the degree of physical injury caused to the victim (LaMance, 2011).Jamaica has an above average violent crime rate in the world. From the period 1989 to 2009 Jamaica saw a rise in organized crime and a subculture of violence. Since the arrest and extradition of Christopher Dudus Coke in June 2010 there has been a significant decrease in the murder rate and other crimes across the country. Recent crime statistics study shown that Jamaicas crime rate has decreased by 80 percent. However, crime is still an issue as the country continues to be bear on by it. Jamaica is plagued with robbery, gang violence, domestic violenc e, rape and carnal abuse.Rape and carnal abuse is rapidly increasing. Mostly females ar the victims. There has been a recent incident in Montego Bay, St. James where louver women including three girls below 18 were brutally raped. Police statistics have shown a 100 percent increase in the number of rapes reported in Clarendon, 58 percent increase in St. Catherine, 43 percent in Manchester, 40 percent in Trelawny and 33 percent in other communities across Jamaica. According to statistics for the period January to September 2012, a total of 626 rape cases were reported while for that same period 2011, 595 cases were reports, this depicts a 5 percent increase.REPORTED CHILD squall CASES JAN JUN 2012Sexual abuse 1402Physical abuse 1201Trafficking 2Of the sexual abuse cases mentioned above 92.9 per cent of the victims were girls.The above data is from the Office of the Childrens Registry (OCR).Types of Crime passive CrimeNon-violent crimes may be defined as crimes that do not inv olve the use of any force or injury to another person. The seriousness of a non-violent crime is usually measured in terms of economic damage or loss to the victim (LaMance, 2011). Common non-violent crimes affecting Jamaicas economy are theft, bribery, drug related crimes, corruption and fraud to a greater extent so the infamous Lottery Scam.The lottery scam is smearing the countrys reputation internationally. It deters foreign investors Lottery scam inflows may be Jamaicas third largest foreign exchange earner. Income from defrauding persons overseas only follows remittances and tourism earnings, if estimates of US$300 million a year are true.The fraudulent action was listed among the highest threats to Jamaica in the national security policy published by the Cabinet for public comment last Friday.Read more http//www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/The-high-cost-of-crime_12370259ixzz2DS3ouLjmNonviolent crimes have a greater impact on the countrys international reputation.Crime Facto rsWeak Family StructuresIn Jamaica there is a vast amount of children with absent fathers. Growing up without a father or male figure as a role model is very laborious for children, especially boys. There are likewise many neglected, unloved and uncared for children especially in the inner cities, many of which can be seen wandering on the streets and left to the mercy of perpetrators. Mothers are left to encourage their children by themselves, the fathers are never around. Often times these mothers are teenage girls or under twenty five (25) years of age who lack come across and need guidance themselves. Boyne stated, A recent study of Caribbean callowness found that only 9 per cent grew up with a father, and when step-fathers were factored in, the percentage grew to only 13 per cent. So a large percentage of Jamaican youth are growing up without their fathers. This has grave economic and social consequences for society, Boyne, I. (2005, November 20). Closing Jamaicas crime fa ctories. Jamaica Gleaner. Retrieved November 01, 2012, from httpwww.jamaica-gleaner.com.In Jamaica society, fatherless children are at a disadvantage as they face more struggles to achieve success in their wears both personally and academically. They lack the sense of the most basic social norms and behaviours. These children engender the raw materials of crime in Jamaica as they usually form gangs and engage in criminal acts delinquent to lack of proper guidance and stability. Children from broken homes are far more likely to commit crimes than those from stable families.Many research studies support the theory that weak family structure correlates with delinquency. The family is the foundation of human society.Crime FactorsPovertyThere is a direct link between poverty and crime as they usually go hand in hand. Crime exists everywhere in Jamaica and among all people. However, where there are high poverty aims the rate of crime is significantly high.Poverty causes hunger, when indigent people are hungry they engage in acts of stealing or robbery to acquire what they need as they lack genuine means to fall them. The lack of independence which comes with economic hardship makes the poor more likely to commit crime (Harriot, 2001). Young people especially in the inner cities are more likely to get compound in drug dealing and gangs as they feel there is no other way out of their indigent state.Jamaicas poverty level is unacceptably high. According to CIA World Fact book, 16.5% of the countrys population is living below the poverty line (2010 est.) this would be equivalent to approximately 462,000 people who are unable to meet their basic needs. In addition, the IMF report states that 1.1 million Jamaicans are living in poverty and earning less than US$2.50 per day.A combination of Poverty and crime equals people benefiting from criminally generated income. People in poverty are more likely to get arrested.Crime FactorsIncome InequalityIncome inequality m akes it difficult for the poor to survive and on a wider scale it lowers the economic growth of Jamaica. When income inequalities are high, crime is equally high as it is a major determinant of crime. When the poor feel inferior to the rich it causes serious social tensions to increase hence decreasing the opportunity cost of crime. Consequently, as the income distribution gets more unequal, the rift between the benefits and costs of crime widens and thus the incentive for crime becomes higher (Becker, 1968).Three major ecological theories that fit to the conception that inequality increases crime rates are Beckers economic theory of crime, Mertons strain theory and Shaw MacKays social disorganization theory. According to Beckers framework, celestial spheres of high inequality, i.e. those areas where very poor and very rich coexist the thinking(prenominal) criminals motivation is stimulated by the inequality. Mertons theory argues that when faced with the relative success of ot hers around them, unsuccessful individuals feel frustration at their situation. The greater the inequality is, the greater the inducement for low status individuals to commit crime. The motivation to commit crime is not solely drawn from the expected economic benefits, but from social disgruntlement and dissatisfaction (Kelly, 2000).Crime FactorsUnemployment Lack of OpportunityJamaica faces great challenges with high rate of unemployment and underemployment. Unemployment creates an environment where parents cannot provide a good education, a comfortable home and healthy meals for their children. These children become economically and socially lacking. On a broader scale this also increases the countrys illiteracy rate due to high percentage of uneducated children. More than likely they will become criminals as they see no other option for future fulfilment. Youth going to work or school tends to reduce the probability of being involved in criminal activities (Tauchen and Witte, 199 4).When people are unemployed they tend to be more hostile, angry and jealous this creates social dismantling and crime. It can be reason that unemployment and crime are closely related.According to CIA World Factbook, Jamaicas unemployment rate was 12.7% in 2011 and 12.4% in 2010. This reflects an increase by .3%. In comparison to other countries Jamaica is presently ranked at sixty nine (69) with an unemployment rate of 12.7%. The unemployment rate in Jamaica is approximately 14.3% with youth unemployment significantly high (World Bank, 2012).Lack of OpportunityJob opportunities in Jamaica are limited. Too many persons have spent enormous amount of money to send themselves to Colleges and Universities and are unemployed or underemployed due to the lack of prank opportunities. There are too many children graduating from High School without a skill or qualification. They end up at a dead district because the society lacks the appropriate training facilities.Cost of crime on the Ja maican economyCrime has a negative impact on Jamaicas economic growth. The cost of crime is very high and the effects are both monetary and non monetary. At present, Jamaicas debt is estimated at 139.7% of GDP (World Bank, 2012) which is equivalent to a current debt stock of J$1.7 trillion (Global Competitiveness Report, 2011-2012).Crime affects economy, tourism, cost of doing business and foreign investment. The non monetary effects of crime are trauma, emotional and social break down, suffering and death. A study of the effects of crime carried out in Jamaican neighborhoods found out that resident of inner-city neighborhoods suffer from what is called area stigma. Based on where they live, these persons are separate to be associated with criminals this makes it difficult for them to find employment. The study also made emphasis on the intangible effects of violence on a person socially, indicating that violence destroys social relationships increasing levels of tension. Due to th e high rate of crime and violence in inner-city areas of Jamaica, residents are afraid to leave their homes and socialize less often with friends and family who live elsewhere (Moser and Holland 1997).EconomyCrime slows the growth of the economy and decreases the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. According to CIA World Factbook, since the year 2008 Jamaica has not seen any marginal growth 2008 showed a decrease by -0.6%, -3.1% in 2009, -1.4% in 2010 and 1.5% increase in 2011. Jamaica, in comparison to other countries is ranked at one hundred and 70 (170) out of countries with a GDP rate of 1.5%. A report by the World Bank (2008) indicated that a reduction in Jamaicas crime rate would increase the GDP growth by 5.4% yearly.Based on a study by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2012) confirmed that Jamaica has the highest number of youths convicted of crime in the Caribbean. Every year Jamaica spends more than US$529 million to fight youth crime, which inclu des public and private cost. The report also states that crime in Jamaica by youth is costing the country approximately 3.21 % of GDP.According to the World Bank, crime costs the medical sector approximately US$29.5 million per year.TourismMost of Jamaicas tax income comes from tourism which accounts for 10% of the countrys GDP. High crime rates negatively impacts the arrival of tourists in Jamaica. As a result, tourists are reluctant to visit Jamaica and therefore study other destinations as they are concerned about their safety. This dampens the sectors economic growth which inevitably affects Jamaica on a macroeconomic level.In 2004, the tourism minister of Jamaica said that, the countrys unprecedented crime rate was threatening to hamper the tourism industry by scaring away visitors and hurting investment (Associated Press, 2004). A study by Dunn argued that, of hot perceptions of those working in the tourism industry found that crime and violence were perceived as the main p roblem afflicting the tourism industry (Dunn and Dunn, 2002).In another theory, tourists that visit Jamaica are unwilling to leave the confinements of their Hotels as they fear being harassed, robbed, or even kidnapped. This impacts the tourist experience, Jamaicas paradise image and hurt local businesses (especially cunning vendors).Harriot (2000) argued that Crime control has become a central development issue and an important public policy concern in most Caribbean territories. These tourism hooked economies have become more vulnerable to violent crime, yet more crimogenic. In the case of Jamaica (which is perhaps the most problematic), the high rates of violent crime and insecurity among all segments of the population are matched by declining public confidence in the criminal justice system and growing cynicism among its functionaries.Cost of doing business in JamaicaAccording to the Global Competitiveness Report 2012-2013, Jamaicas competitive rating was ranked at 141 out of 144 countries which measures 12 criteria, and Jamaica performed the worst in the category of macroeconomic performance and business cost of crime and violence. High crime rate results inAn increase in security costs because of the need to acquire more security personnel and systems.Loss of business due to theft and extortion, etc.Discouraging investors from investing or developing a business.Reduction in productiveness and thus revenue due to early business closure or shortened hours of operation in crime prone areas.Reduction in create from the labour force due to injury or worst death of a worker.Permanent closure or relocation of a business to an area that is less prone to crime.Loss of Foreign InvestmentInvestment is a major contributing factor to GDP because it aids in increasing work in an economy. Crime discourages investors both local and foreign. A decline in the level of investment decreases the GDP of the country and thus its economic growth. Jamaicas crime level has da mpened investors confidence in investing in the country.According to the National Security Policy for Jamaica published by the Government of Jamaica, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is affected as a result of the increased cost of security, insurance, capital, and recurrent costs in addition to other costs that may be specific to all(prenominal) business.RecommendationIn an effort to fight and possibly correct Jamaicas crime problem, the following recommendations are proposedIt commended the Jamaican Government for the programmes implemented to provide inner-city community infrastructure and services for the poor, including measures to promote short-term conflict mitigation and resolution, as well as medium-term social prevention and capacity enhancement interventions.The Government should build legitimate institutions that can provide a sustained level of citizen security, justice and jobs.

Stakeholders in Health and Safety Duties at Work

Stakeholders in health and Safety Duties at WorkClientThe client has responsibilities on a work internet site. The client is accountable for checking the competence of all the appointees and their resources. They essential make sure enough that the facilities for all of the workers are suitable for their welfare. They essentialiness allow sufficient resources and time for each stage in the project and not rush any of the project. They moldiness alike forget information to the designer and contactors before the construction. The client is also responsible for hiring a CDM co-ordinator and a principle contractor. They must also make sure that the construction doesnt start unless the construction phase is complete and all of the welfare facilities for the workers are on site, provide a health and safety information file for the CDM co-ordinator and retain and provide access to the health and safety file.CDM Co-ordinatorA CDM co-ordinators main duties are to advise and serve w ell the client with their duties, to keep the HSE notified of the project details. Cooperate with everyone involved in the design and coordinate all of the health and safety aspects of the design. Facilitate good communication betwixt the designer, contractor and client. Communicate and meet with the principle contractor regarding the design work. Analyse, gather and convey pre-construction information. And to prepare and keep the health and safety file up to date. couturierThe architect is responsible for making sure that there will be no risks or hazards whilst still in the design stage of the build. After that is through with(p) they must provide information on all the other risks that there could still be and that cannot be completely prevented. The architect must make sure that the client is aware of their roles and responsibilities during the design stage and the construction phase of the whole process they are also responsible for making sure that the client has employ a C DM coordinator. They must also provide information for the health and safety file and also keep the file updated.WorkersWorkers have health and safety responsibilities on site, as they are the most likely to be involved in an accident they also have dutys to health and safety. The workers must be competent and discern what they are doing at all times. They must report any obvious risks that they see in a site so that accidents can be avoided. set up their work and cooperating with all of the workers to ensure you own and everyone elses health and safety. They must also fare the health and safety rules and procedures and be aware of any hazards there could be on a site.P2 Outline the legal duties of employees and employers in relation to three pieces of health, safety and welfare legislation relevant to the construction and built environment orbitLegislation in health and safety are very important as they can help protect people from accidents and keep them safe in the working e nvironment. This also covers people who arent part of the building companys employment. There are many different legislation which all protect different areas of work. Legislations like the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (HASAWA), Working at Heights 2007 (WAH), Control of Substances Hazardous to Health 2002 (COSHH).The HASAWA is a very important legislation that was introduced in 1974 and many other pieces of legislation have been developed from this act. The HASAWA covers the duty of care that is on a construction site. There has been a large amount of health and safety legislation that has been created since HASAWA. It covers the occupational health and safety in Great Britain. Health and safety executives and other enforcing bodies are responsible for the administration of the legislation. The employer has responsibilities that they must follow out so that employees are safe. The employer must ensure health, safety and welfare at work to all of their employees. The employer m ust prepare a written tilt of their general health and safety policy. They are also responsible for the enforcing of safety and reduce the risk to health involved in all the employees areas. The employee also has duties that they must follow out. The employees must take reasonable care in their safety and the safety of those around them who may be affected by their actions. They must also cooperate with the employer so that requirements can be met.COSHH is another important piece of legislation that is used in construction. This legislation helps to protect then workers from handling nerves that could be fatal. The legislation ensures that the harmful substances will be supressed so that it is less of a risk to the employees. The legislation also states that employees must be informed about the substance and should have their health monitored if work with hazardous substances. Many businesses use substances that can be harmful to workers and these businesses should inform and trai n employees so that the substances can be handled. The employee has duties that they must carry out whilst enforcing the COSHH act. They must make sure that the substance has had a proper assessment identifying the risks that this substance may have on the heath of anyone involved, the assessments must also be updated if they become invalid or out dated. Substances that have a COSHH warning label must be stated in the take stock and material safety data sheets. The employees must also be train, supervised and instructed on the risk that the substance could have on the health of the employees and the precautions that must be taken. The employees also have duties that they must follow according to the COSHH act. Employees must know the hazards substances that are present and read the signs that are present at the work site and should handle the substances safely and follow the instructions given. They must ensure that the warning labels are left on the containers and inform managemen t of and situation involving the substances that could be dangerous.The concluding legislation is the WAH. This act is a law. This legislation ensures that before workers start working at a height the working must be planned and organized, the workers must be competent. The work must be assessed before the workers go up and the equipment that they are using must be the correct equipment. The risk of surfaces that may be fragile should be controlled and supported and the equipment that is used must be properly inspected and maintained. The duty holder must be responsible for the legislation being regularise into practice. The employer must ensure that all of the work is planned and organized and is carried out by a competent employee. The employees must receive information, training and instruction on how to safely use the equipment and how to spot defects in the equipment. They must follow the hierarchy of controls and they must do as much as they can that is practical to draw a blank workers from falling. Employees must report and possible hazards or faulty equipment to the employer and they must use the equipment supplied and follow instructions correctly and safely.

Analysis Of The Code Of Conduct

Analysis Of The enactment Of ConductPlanning is no longer a fashionable concept particularly after the collapse of kindism in the recent past and which has exerted the influence upon the environment (Evans, 1995). It is the part of land use mean system which used to balance the developments in approaching in context of economic, genial and environment beas. According2to Davies, A N, Planning is the process of setting goals, create strategies, and outlining tasks and schedules to accomplish the goals and it is a tool for counsel and facilitation for various areas uniform regeneration and development.According3to Lewis Keeble, Planning is the art and science of ordering the use of land and the cite and siting of buildings and communication routes so as to secure the maximum practicable degree of economy, convenience and beauty.Since the postwar readiness system was put into place in Britain, study changes befool pledgen place during this meter in society, the economy, an d the political scene some of which have been touched upon in this rapid overview. In these changing frames, townspeople and country training has grown into a series of different policy areas which gave different directions for the profession. As the profession underwent a consider of changes, the development of various acts, policies, frameworks and guidance notes came into existence. According to Evans, B., The British training has emerged out from particular circumstances like economic, political and cultural as a form of land use give which is different to the emerged systems in new(prenominal) countries.The essay analyzes the critical adequacy of Royal Town Planning Institutes (RTPI) Code of Conduct in other light of honest concerns which are also an important concerns in planning actions/decisions. It begins with introduction about RTPIs Code of Conduct, distinguish surrounded by morals, honorable issues and as well as in the midst of Codes of Conducts and Codes of Ethics. It then describes the arguments between different authors about good dilemmas in the context of planning possibility, changing role of schoolmaster planners receivable to confronting of ethical issues/dilemmas and criticism of the RTPI Code of Conduct in different ethical concerns like personal, social and environmental etceterabecause the involvement of political/personal concerns, social reforms and environmental protection/concerns were added to the planning actions/decisions over the time. So its really important to analyze the Code of Conduct in their context. It concludes by looking over different ethical concerns critically to find out the importance of Code of Conduct for future in the context of different ethical concerns.In the British Planning make out system, The Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI) is a dynamic organisation leading the way in the creation of places that work now and in the future4. The RTPI has its own sea captain Code of Conduct as last amended on January 2007. The original Code of Conduct sets out that how the members of RTPI should behave among their all the passe-partout activities and ethics. It has also numbered clauses which are much than detailed, explains the Code of Conduct.Ethics are defined5as the moral quality of an action or the rightness. It is important to distinguish the ethics and ethical issues. Ethics are helpful to guide the planners in their daily professional work schedule while ethical issues major(ip)ly focused upon the moral worsen behaviors and involve conflicts/dilemmas about the right/ wrongly ends and principles.Within the planning profession there are inscribes of conduct (RTPI, adopted 1994) and codes of ethics. It is important to differentiate these a code of ethics is comprised of visionary statements regarding the normative and ethical aspects of the profession While a code of conduct has certain guidelines/regulations for professional behavior including conflict of interest and professional competence (Hendler 1991).The ethics of competence, integrity and equality are the main objectives in the purposes of RTPIs Code of Conduct among their all the professional activities and Code of Conduct is also giving wildness to personal, professional and political ethical frameworks.Planning theory is also describing the ethical dilemmas of different sectors which are like environment, social and economic etc. According6to Campbell S S. Fainstein S., Planning theory in itself, is a slippery subject and explanations are often frustratingly tautological or disappointingly pedestrian consequently it appears as overlap with theory in all disciplines of social sciences and its stern to limit the scope of planning. According to William L., planners are torn between public, serving professionals and oath members. So this dilemma is further complicated by the extension of planning actions and conflicts between the different sectors like environment, social and econo mic development and these conflicts creates problems not whole in planning actions as well as in professionals and in the whole planning process.The changing role of planners over the time is also a one of reason for the increase in confronting of profession by ethical issues. These changes squirt be measured from two perspectives as Change in the planning profession itself over time and changes in the way in which public and clients perceive planning professionals and their profession. Planners have seen in different role models over the time and recently they are seen to be much interactive, exchanging knowledge and ideas with clients and a wide range of other interested parties (Healey 1991). Now planner is recognized as expertise, is more to deal with exchanging ideas/knowledge instead of framing policies and report writings. According to Prior (2000), the current role of planner is seems to be as a mediator between different interests in land development and Forester (1989 ) also gave examined planners current role as a facilitator who is assisting others rather than a technical foul expert.Thomas and Healey (1991) also describe7planning as a multi-disciplinary field destinying on diverse fields of knowledge. Planners must be able to draw together these diverse fields and co-ordinate agencies with different knowledge and responsibilities.Every country has its own bodies ( regime/NGOs) for ensuring the equality among different groups in the society. The RTPI Code of Professional conduct under No.2, It mentions the equality and elimination of discrimination in the context of sex, religion, disability, age and sexual orientation in all the professional activities among members others. In the 1970s, to head the new questions and goals, an attempt was through with(p) to broaden them by criticizing the professional code of conducts by Howe, Kaufman and Marcuse. According to them, as they were criticizing the professional planning codes from the UK, Cana da USA, some of the codes in UK have no references to the ethics, and they are just mentioning some general terms related with ethics and in some, more emphasis on personal ethics of one-on-one planners.The RTPI Code of Conduct also mentions that the members have to keep their personal, private, political and financial interests separate from their professional duties so that they should perform their duty without some(prenominal) disruption and take steps/precautions time by time to keep them separate from professional responsibilities further according to Marcuse (1976),8In nigh cases, even the rules for telling right from wrong are not clear. Obligations to clients conflict with obligations to the public following professionally accepted standards of conduct produces results repugnant to most laymen professional integrity and democratic decision devising seem to conflict the bounds of professional concern are hazy.Marcuse also mentioned that the existing ethical and profess ional standards are often inherently inconsistent, conflicting and opposed with the professions public lie image. So ultimately they are a weak guide to ethical conduct for practicing planners.The conflict between the views of select members and the professional planners is also another dilemma. As elected members have different views9compared to planners because members are typically interested in getting votes which discount resultant in different views priorities for a member. So an elected member may have different priorities for developments in district as like social/economic instead of environmental and ultimately it conflicts with the views of planners because planners are responsible for the development of all the sectors and the prioritized issues but in RTPI Code of Conduct, it doesnt have no references or guidelines for such issues/conflicts between elected members and professional planners. Its true that planners should act professionally but it is also important n ot to take the biased steps/planning actions under any shoves of elected members or other pressure groups.Even According10to Brewster R., there are chances of conflicts between the views between elected members/representatives and the planners working in the local anaesthetic Government and its crucial to ensure the successful completion of planning actions.According11to Friedman, It may be a biggest problem in understanding and theorizing of planning, in his paper on planning query and he mentioned the approach of planning research by encouraging planner researchers to identify the actual situations of city political relation with planning to manoeuver the question of power. From point of view of planning research and issues related with it, a very little discussion of ethical issues related to planning research has done compared to ethical issues relating to planning only (Hendler,1995)12. While in the criticism of professional Codes of Conduct done by Howe and Kaufman, (1979) Marcuse, (1976) shows that there is no direct reference/ colligate to planning research in these codes, as these codes are for the regulation of planning profession but which is a different activity from research. So planning research is a part of planning actions/decisions which also deals with the same ethical issues/dilemmas as well as to identify various specific issues like related with power, politics etc.Social JusticeThere are signifi sackt shifts over the time in ethical judgments which were informed by notions in the context of social and ethical concerns (Watson, V., 2006). According13to David Harvey, The social arbiter is ideally based upon the principles of equal worth of all, shelter and other basic amenities, opportunities for all and eliminating the inequalities from society.The equal distribution among individuals is a simple meaning of social arbiter (Ernesto M., 2008). The issues of social justice are a prime concern in the context of development, socio-economi c aspects. There are number of examples of injustice in the form of suppression, unequal opportunities, inequity etc.According to (Okin, 1989), Feminists have complained that the principles of justice do not apply to the family, and thus, cannot secure equal justice for women and children and he also suggests about the gender neutrality of the original position which will guard against gender discrimination While Rawls notes that the principles of justice apply straightaway only to structuring the basic social institutions they do not apply to structuring voluntary associations, including the family.The social issues like equality and elimination of discrimination can be eliminated as mentioned by RTPI Code of Conduct and It will also help to maintain the equal distribution of social benefits and burdens of the society at all the levels of Government but the influence of the class and professional background of planners in producing the cultural prejudice in their attitudes and eff orts in the planning profession and increase in the social groups sensory faculty and participation can also affect the professional ethics and planning actions in terms of personal behaviors and time deadlines for applications.The communities and pressure groups are becoming more aware, demanding so the planners are facing ethical issues which become more important and increased. As a result, planners encouraged to interact with communities/groups but at some stages these involvements/interactions with communities creates pressure on the planning actions and as well as on planning professionals. The increased involvement of community groups was identified14by particular Councils as an increase challenge facing district Councils in the planning actions in terms of creating more ethical dilemmas for planners.According to Marcuses (1976) criticism of the implicit conservation of the ethical discussions and codes of practices which ignores the social values and ethics while the indivi dual actions which can help, remains in the process because of individual concerns as due to their nature and focus on individuals behaviours and neglects the conditions and supports which can help towards ethical concerns. Even According to Wachs (1985), work on planning ethics has focused on the codes and the individual planners behaviours is more instead of social ethical concerns in the planning codes of ethics. Healy (1991) also identified15the distinction between professional related practice and scholarly practice and different relationships between planning research and planning practice. So she also recognized that scholarly researches as well as planning research are not much in practice.Environmental JusticeEnvironmental Justice is a subset of social justice concerned with the environmental consequences (Ernesto M., 2008). As like Social justice, planners are facing the most important change in all over the changes is the environment. The importance of environment has bee n increased as it is confronted for number of problems and issues in recent time. So now the administration/agencies are also concerned about environmental justice as like social justice. As economic growth was the main aim of local authorities and the professional planners but recently and even since the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992, the environment and sustainable development have become major issues. This introduces a whole new field of archetype to planners, namely Environmental Ethics. Environmental ethics can be defined as that area of thought and moral discourse dealing with our ethical duties to, and relative to, the natural environment (Beatley 1994).There are number of arguments on this point of view by planners and environmental agencies in the light of the increasing importance of the environment and it has lead to an increase in the issues that planners must consider which consequently creates further ethical issues. So like other ethical issues, environmental justice issues are also important concerns in the planning actions and how we can address all these ethical issues and what weight can be provided to environmental issues in planning actions, what issues are more important. Nowadays in the urban forms, the effects or issues related to environmental hazards need more concern as like other developments. So to identify the solutions for these kinds of issues and their prioritization in planning actions, there is no reference given in the RTPI Code of Conduct. terminationThe RTPI Code of Conduct sets out the professional practices and procedures for the planning members to perform their professional duties for the better and safe future directions for society. The RTPI Code of Conduct is particularly only oriented to the members of the planning profession which are working in the planning and development sector to ensure that the decisions should be appropriate and transparent.As the planning professionals are ensured by Code of Conduct towards their professional services, it can help to achieve the better environment for them and society in the light of those ethical concerns but Kaufman and Marcuse reviewed the Codes which explains the lack of victorian referencing to ethics, but it gives only a reference to general terms, They also identified the conflicts between the statements like Loyalty to public and to the ones sponsor.From Planning theory point of view, it is also concerned about the different ethical issues between different concerns like environment, social and economic etc. According to various authors, its hard to define the exact scope and limits of planning theory and planning in it and the role of planners is also under such circumstances that the planners are confronted by ethical issues as well as by the field. So this dilemma is further complicated by the extension of planning actions and conflicts between the different sectors and these conflicts confronted by planning actions as well as in professio nals and in the whole planning process.The RTPI Code of Conduct will help to the planning professionals to set out open, sporting and transparent planning decisions based upon sound judgments and justified reasons and the Code of Conduct also sets out further Supplementary regulations and Bye Laws about the continuity of professional development, planning aid etc can be helpful to young planning professionals to confront the ethical issues.From point of view of other ethical concerns, Social justice and Environmental justice are also prime concerns in future planning actions/decisions. As the essay analyses the importance of social and environmental concerns and why they are more concerned in present and future scenarios so it becomes an important part of such regulations or Code of Conduct to give emphasis towards these concerns. Furthermore, the increase in communities and agencies awareness demands more expectations from professional planners to undertake these concerns as well. From point of view of Planning research there are no relate to the planning research, as these codes guides the profession which is totally different activity from research. So we can not apply the Code of Conduct directly to the planning research. However, The RTPI Code of Conduct guides the professional planners for or encourages the higher level planners to support and encourage other planners to maintaining the professional standards and following the guidelines of Code of Conduct and to deal with the and discuss the ethical issues/dilemma so that they can be further researched by professional planners.For Instance, if we think about the planning decisions and services without the set of practices and procedures given by RTPIs Code of Conduct or other regulations in planning field, it can create an un-planned and haphazard situation for the planning professional as well as for society.So at the last, for the better planning futures and right decisions, we need appropriate chang es/developments in the planning system in the form of rules/regulations, such Code of Conducts, policies which can help the professionals to achieve objectives of planning profession. As The RTPI Code of Conduct is helpful up to an extent for the planning profession to engage the planners with the set of procedures and guidelines but in future there is a still need of further additions/modifications in it. So that it can cover existing and future coming gaps in it and can direct the planning professional for better tomorrows and address the other major ethical concerns like social and environmental concerns.

Delinquent Parents :: essays research papers fc

Delinquent Parents? Gone are the good old days when mom and dad were around to teach their children about morality and the rudiments of growing up. Instead, we see parents who have replaced caring and personal involvement with the purchase of material goods. We see parents who are afraid to discipline their children and who are afraid to stripe boundaries. We see parents who are afraid to hug their children and be involved in their lives. A childs behavior shows the kind of home he or she comes from. Parents are pretend to be role models, only what do we find. Parents are neglecting their responsibility. Parents, who ought to teach by precept and example, have fallen prey to the "do as I say, but not as I do" syndrome. We as a society, often times fail to look at the root cause of many of the teenage problems being witnessed today. I watched a PBS documentary entitled "The Lost Children of Rockdale County." I found this documentary to be very disturbing look int o the lives of pith to upper class youth. Though the focus of the program was sexual promiscuity, drugs, pornography, and alcohol, but what I found far more troubling was the tremendous breakdown that exists betwixt the children of Rockdale County and their parents. This entire documentary was full of houses that were empty and void of supervision and adult presence. Some recent research on adolescent behavior has provided an insight into factors that stick out to juvenile delinquency. The relationships between parents and children play a significant role in the social well being of the children. Children who do the best, have parents who use both a great deal of warmth and caring with their children and also exercise a high level of control over their childrens actions. High levels of warmth and control remember the form of parenting referred to as authoritative. (Teenagers in Trouble, Gallagher, p.2) Authoritative parents are both firm and fair. Rarely did I see this type of p arent in the program. "I thinking that if I disciplined you, you would run away" was one comment made by a mother whose daughter had gone on a beverage bing at age twelve, blacked out, and realized she had been raped when she came to. Many of the parents documented were not able to connect with their children and even when they did, they thought that just showing concern was enough.

Grapes of Wrath - biblica comparison Essay -- essays research papers

Many novels written contain parallels to the Bible. This couldnt be truer in the case John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath. Steinbeck alludes to Biblical characters and events with the use of arise of Sharon, Jim Casy, and also the Joads journey to California. There are other events in the book that parallel the Bible, although the portrayal of Rose of Sharon and Jim Casy are the around obvious.The novel is broken into 3 contrasting parts, the time spent in Oklahoma, the journey on the road, and the time spent in California. Each section is closely related to the three stages of the Biblical exodus the Israelites time in bondage when God direct plagues to free them (chapters 1-11), the forty years of wandering in the desert (chapters 12-18), and the arrival in Canaan, the Promised Land (chapters 19-30). The plagues sent by God are paralleled by the drought in Oklahoma, the Egyptian oppressors by the bank officials, and the hostile Canaanites by the Californians (Monkeynotes , Th e Grapes...). Rose of Sharon is a character that is most directly related to the Bible. Her name in found in the Song of Solomon, I am a rose of Sharon, a lily of the valleys (Ganticles, 77). Most of Rose of Sharons parallels to the Bible take place in the last chapter of the novel. After the birth of her stillborn baby she nourishes a starving man with her milk. This is symbol...

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Essays -- History, Herodotus, List

While the old-fashioned world left(a) little written record, the evidence that we do have depicts it as out-of-the-way(prenominal) more advanced and culturally rich than many would expect. From the Phoenicians in Mesopotamia to the Mayans in Central America, technological advancements and complex theories drove the ancient civilizations ahead. Great thinkers from that period standardized Socrates (other great thinkers) left huge marks on the literary world. Great scientists like Copernicus (other great scientists) developed theories that provided the foundations for more modern thought. Juxtaposing their technology with our own, we find their accomplishments unfeignedly amazing. Their kindings, remarkably built without cranes, bulldozers, or assembly lines, rival our greatest and create great wonder among our culture. Chief among their architectural feats, the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World move us constantly of the ancient cultures splendors and advancements. These landma rks, the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the Statue of genus Zeus at Olympia, the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, the Colossus of Rhodes, and the Lighthouse of Alexandria or the Walls of Babylon according to the list, left evidence of the magnificence of the ancient world. Understanding the history of the whole group as well as the history of the individual places creates a gratitude and reverence for our ancient ancestors.Herodotus created the first list of wonders in the fifth century BC but gained little notoriety for the feat and inspired few subsequent lists. His written record, a list mirroring that above with the exception of substituting the Pharos of Alexandria for the Lighthouse, was destroyed with the exception of references in the burning o... ...s. To do this, they commissioned Phidias, chief sculptor behind the Parthenon, to build a statue paying homage to this god, Zeus. Using an innovative method designed by Phidi as himself, he built a wooden skeleton in the intend shape of the statue and ordered workers to adorn it (Woods and Woods, Seven Wonders 56-57). Sheets of iron and gold were cut and fashioned to cover the wooden structure. Looming over the Temple of Zeus, the statue rose 40 feet into the nisus and was a massive 22 feet wide. Zeuss Statue features him sitting on a magnificent throne, with his head brushing the ceiling. The ancient historian Strabo criticized the proportions of the statue, claiming that Phidias depicted Zeus seated, but with the head almost touching the ceiling, so that we have the impression that if Zeus moved to stand up he would unroof the temple . . . (Unnatural Museum).

Brain Development Essay -- Ancient History, Homo Erectus, Evolution

It is 400,000 years ago. A man sits in the mist of the jungle observing two rocks in his hands. Perplexed by their texture and strength, he strikes them together igniting a short take off. Amazed by the phenomenon he has created, he keeps striking the rocks until a huge spark ignites, not only burning his fingers, but setting the plants in front of him on fire. This man, classified as Homo erectus, has set the turning point to the kind evolution. Neurobiologists and researchers claim that the discoery of fire has allowed humans to cook food, obtain warmth and protection, and increase over all human cropivity, all leading to the terrific increase of the human brain. Today, our brains have evolved so complexly that we are not only able to think and communicate, but believe and process both the transcendental and existential aspects of religion. 500,000 thousand years ago, the hominid brain tripled in its coat. Recent studies from Timothy Rowe at the University of Texas in Austin r evealed that the first big increases in the brain size were in the olfactory bulb, suggesting that the early humans heavily relied on their noses, helping them sniff out food (Robson, 4). Through the use of fire, early humans were alimentation more nutritious food that in effect, helped grow their brains. Much of the brains expansion took place in the neocortex. This part of the brain is involved in processing higher(prenominal) order cognitive functions that are connected with human religiosity. The neocortex is associated with self consciousness, language and emotion. According to Dunbars theory, the relative neocortex size of any species correlates with the level of cordial complexity of the particular species. The neocortex size correlates with social variables such as... ...opment of language, tools, and belief systems all lead to the ultimate creation of religion. Religions are practiced by over 90% of human beings on earth today. The feelings of connection people experience from religion are a function of neurochemistry. Rituals and social or religious gatherings act as serotonin factories to the brain, uplifting ones moods. Humans created religion to have hope and purpose in their lives when it was dark ad difficult. They wanted to interpret ways to strengthen their commitments when they felt adrift. Our brain has evolved over centuries, adjusting to circumstances, and growing rapidly to make us more complex beings. It has provided us with religion, giving us a sense of community when we felt isolated and alone. Our brain has provided with morals and principles that are impossible for us to outgrow today. After all, it made us humans